The mountains as pegs

“Have We not made the earth as a wide expanse
and the mountains as pegs?”
(Qur’an 78:6-7).
The scientific evidences of the Qur’an clearly prove its Divine origin. No human could have produced a book, fourteen hundred years ago, that would contain such profound scientific facts.

Geologists tell us that the radius of the Earth is about 6,035 km and the crust on which we live is very
thin, ranging from 2 to 35 km. Since the crust is thin, it has a high possibility of
shaking. Mountains act like stakes or tent pegs that hold the earth’s crust and give it
stability.

Earth is geospherical in shape

Quran Says “And the earth, moreover, Hath He made egg shaped.” 2 [Al-Qur’aan 79:30] The Arabic word for egg here is Dahia derived from Dahaha, which means an ostrich-egg. The shape of an ostrich-egg resembles the geo-spherical shape of the earth. Thus the Qur’aan correctly describes the shape of the earth, though the prevalent notion when the Qur’aan was revealed was that the earth is flat.

Renewable Energy

The meaning of Al-Qur’an 24:40.

or like darkness on a bottomless ocean spread with clashing billows and overcast with clouds: darkness upon darkness. If he streches out his hand he can scarcely see it. Indeed the man from whom God witholds His light shall find no light at all.

atau (orang-orang kafir itu keadaannya) adalah umpama keadaan (orang yang di dalam) gelap-gelita di lautan yang dalam, yang diliputi oleh ombak bertindih ombak; di sebelah atasnya pula awan tebal (demikianlah keadaannya) gelap-gelita berlapis-lapis – apabila orang itu mengeluarkan tangannya, ia tidak dapat melihatnya sama sekali. Dan (ingatlah) sesiapa yang tidak dijadikan Allah menurut undang-undang peraturanNya mendapat cahaya (hidayah petunjuk) maka ia tidak akan beroleh sebarang cahaya (yang akan memandunya ke jalan yang benar).

Future transport

During the time this verse was revealed, mankind had no idea that in the future things other than animals could be used for transportation. That is why Allah states in this verse: He has created (other) things of which you have no knowledge. In fact, the history shows that mankind has continuously discovered new methods of transportation. At any given point of time, a few means of transportation were always unknown. This verse thus is true for all generations of mankind. (The Quran, 16:8)

Analysis of temperature and pressure distribution in brake disc for regenerative braking

Sarip, Shamsul Analysis of temperature and pressure distribution in brake disc for regenerative braking. International Journal of Mechanical Engineering & Technology . (Submitted)

Abstract

A brake which is designed to provide a limited proportion of the total braking force at normal decelerations may be able to brake the car at high decelerations but may suffer damage when used for emergency braking. A conventional braking system uses 100% of friction braking to retard a moving car while with regenerative braking the friction brakes will supply less than 100%. This paper starts to establish the working limitations of lightweight brakes for regenerative braking in extreme deceleration. Thermo-mechanical analysis can be used to predict the temperature profile on disc surfaces and analytical and experimental methods can be used to predict the thermal braking performance to calculate temperature rises under emergency braking conditions and brake cooling. The aim is to establish an analytical and experimental procedure to design a lightweight disc rotor for general use at high duty levels.

Duty cycle analysis and thermal simulation for a lightweight disc brake for a regenerative braking system

Shamsul, Sarip Duty cycle analysis and thermal simulation for a lightweight disc brake for a regenerative braking system. JOURNAL OF ENGINEERING SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY . (Submitted)

Abstract

One of the stated advantages of electric vehicles (EVs), and hybrid vehicles (HVs) is their ability to recuperate braking energy. Regenerative braking (RB) would extend the working range of an EV or HV provided that any extra energy consumption e.g. from increased vehicle mass and system losses did not outweigh the saving from energy recuperation, also reduce duty levels on the brakes themselves, giving advantages including extended brake rotor and friction material life, but more importantly reduced brake mass, minimise brake pad wear. The objective of this paper is to define how much braking energy could be absorbed by a regenerative braking system (RBS) on a passenger car, hence defining the duty envelope of the friction brake. This will enable lighter brakes to be designed and fitted with confidence in a normal passenger car alongside a hybrid electric drive. In this paper, a mathematical analysis (MATLAB) is used to analyse the availability of regenerative braking energy during a single stop braking event. Secondly a computer simulation model based on Advanced Vehicle Simulator (ADVISOR) is used to simulate both single stop and drive cycle braking. Based on both sets of results it is shown how much of the total braking energy could be absorbed by the RBS of an example hybrid car in single stop braking and drive cycle braking. Thermal performance is a key factor which is studied using FEA simulations. Ultimately a design method for lightweight brakes suitable for use on any car-sized hybrid vehicle will be developed. Some results from an experimental lightweight brake disc are shown to illustrate the effects of RBS / friction combination in term of weight reduction
.

STRESS ANALYSIS OF LAMINATED COMPOSITE PLATES WITH EMBEDDED SHAPE MEMORY ALLOY USING FINITE ELEMENT METHOD

ABSTRACT
Shape memory alloy (SMA) wires are embedded within laminated composite plates
to improve structural behaviours such as buckling and vibration. A simple linear finite
element model and its source codes were developed to study the effect of SMA on
these structural behaviours. Two methods of improvements are used here: The active
property tuning (APT) and the active strain energy tuning (ASET). Studies are
conducted on the antisymmetric angle ply SMA laminated composite plates. The
effects of several parameters such as the geometric, mechanical and transformation
effects on the SMA improvements of critical loads and eigen frequencies of the SMA
composite plates are studied. The plate-bending model used in this study was
developed based on the first order shear deformation theory (FSDT) and the finite
element model used is the serendipity quadrilateral element with 40 degree of
freedom per element. The results show a significant improvement of critical loads of
the SMA composite plates for the simply supported boundary condition. In the case of
eigen frequencies, the level of effect comes in couples where the improvements are
more significant for frequency couples of modes I and IV and III and VI while
frequency couple of modes II and V shows less significant effect.